Project 1.3: Development of Low-Carbon Alternative Materials for Dam Construction and Rehabilitation

India’s dam infrastructure, comprising earth-fill, masonry, and concrete gravity dams, faces pressing challenges of durability and long-term stability under diverse climatic and loading conditions. Roller compacted concrete (RCC) dams have gained prominence due to rapid placement and flexible mix designs, yet issues such as thermal stresses, shrinkage cracking, seepage, and chemical degradation threaten their resilience. International and national investigations highlight the combined effects of material deterioration, seismic loads, and chemical reactions such as alkali–silica reaction (ASR) and calcium leaching, which accelerate damage and compromise safety. Case studies of Indian dams reveal recurring problems of seepage and ineffective short-term repairs, underscoring the need for durable, low-carbon alternatives. This research proposes development and evaluation of innovative materials derived from industrial by-products, including alkali-activated concretes, low-carbon masonry units, and interlocking slabs for slope protection. These materials aim to reduce permeability, mitigate thermal cracking, and enhance environmental sustainability. The methodology integrates material characterization, durability testing under varied climatic conditions, and advanced monitoring through strategically placed sensors to assess settlement, shrinkage, and corrosion. Life cycle assessment and techno-economic evaluation will ensure scalability and practical adoption. Field validation on selected dams will provide insights into performance under real conditions. Expected outcomes include guidelines for rehabilitation, protocols for repair of cracks and seepage, national standards for low-carbon dam materials, and capacity building through training workshops. By addressing durability, sustainability, and monitoring, the project seeks to strengthen India’s dam infrastructure, reduce environmental impacts, and ensure resilience against future climatic and operational stresses.